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The BP disaster in the Gulf of Mexico that began on April 20, 2010, was a wakeup call for all of us as Americans as we weigh our country’s energy future. In what way? It’s because we Americans have consumed most of our “easy” oil. Like a drug addict who desperately takes more chances as he has to have more of his drug of choice than he can afford, we are willing to take more and more chances as we drill for the “hard” oil in more and more fragile and risky environments. In the BP Gulf disaster, strongly motivated by profit, BP was willing to risk drilling in super–deep water to maintain profits even though they had no idea what they would do in the worst–case blowout. |
“A large oil spill, such as a crude release from a blowout, is extremely rare and not considered a reasonably foreseeable impact.” (Shell Alaska Chukchi Sea Exploration Plan) |
Sound familiar? Try this one on for size. |
“In the event of any unanticipated blowout resulting in an oil spill, it is unlikely to have an impact based on the industry–wide standards for using proven equipment and technology for such responses.” (Oil Spill Response Plan for BP Deepwater Horizon Drilling, emphasis added) |
Pew Report—Wait a Minute! |
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The Pew study concludes that Shell and government regulators have not done their homework given the lack of knowledge, the fragile nature and extreme environment of the U.S. Arctic Ocean: |
“A great deal of work is required to guide responsible management and ensure that the best decisions are made to prevent and respond to oil spills in the Arctic Ocean. Significant gaps exist in knowledge, planning, and oversight in the areas of spill risks, impacts, and response capabilities, and these gaps must be closed before the United States moves forward with oil exploration and production activities in the Arctic Outer Continental Shelf.”
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Environmental Change and Iñupiaq Survival
However, their greatest challenges are yet to come as the mass of the sea ice decreases, high waves erode their land, and climate change increasingly begins to interfere with their northern homeland. An Iñupiaq saying goes “God chose to place us in the harshest environment in the world,” which implies their keen awareness of their traditional adaptability and flexibility cultivated over years. They are indeed the proud residents of the “Top of the World.” They have called the Arctic Ocean their “garden,” and sustained their relationship with marine mammals for millennia. Today, on the top of the world, however, the Iñupiat are literally standing on the northern frontline of global climate change.
In July 2009, the rumor of an oil spill in the Chukchi Sea spread like wildfire in Barrow and Wainwright, two North Slope communities. “Something big and strange is floating through the Chukchi Sea between Wainwright and Barrow,” said Harry Brower, Jr., who witnessed a huge blob of Arctic goo from an airplane one evening. Many other passengers saw the mysterious substance from the air, and the level of suspicion kept growing that an oil company had secretly conducted oil extraction or seismic testing which might have resulted in the oil spill. Seal hunters from Wainwright initially witnessed the layer on the sea in early July, and the thick, brown–black, “gooey” substance with an odor eventually covered the offshore area between the two North Slope villages for 90 miles. The villagers constantly exchanged sighting information via the VHF radio, sent out the North Slope team in a borough helicopter to shoot video from the air, collected samples for testing, and sent a report to media.
In 2009, this sense of crisis and urgency brought the Iñupiat of the North Slope Borough and the Northwest Arctic Borough to co–organize the Arctic Economic Development Summit in Point Hope with the slogan of “Two Regions, One People: No Boundaries.” Throughout the summit, Iñupiaq whalers and oil–company executives gathered to express very different viewpoints on whether or not there should be oil exploration and development in the Chukchi Sea. Public hearing sessions of resource extractions are always well–attended across Iñupiaq country, and often these sessions are emotionally charged. The following section reveals the voices and sentiments shared by our Iñupiaq collaborators in Barrow and Nuiqsut, Alaska in the last several years. |
“Speaking of whaling, I am very concerned about the government leasing offshore for oil exploration. I definitely oppose offshore drilling. Cross Island, where our whaling camp is, doesn’t even have a buffer zone. Drilling activity is planned to be between Kaktovik and Cross Island. For that to happen is just like pushing out our subsistence right there. In 1974–76, they were drilling right there, and Nuiqsut whalers didn’t get any whales.”
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Ben Nageak is a 60–year–old whaling captain who served as mayor of the North Slope Borough the highest office of Iñupiaq society—from 1996 to 1999. He is widely traveled, representing the Iñupiat in international meetings dealing mainly with game–animal treaties, and he lived for two years in the Lower 48. He took the lead in insisting that the Iñupiat have a first–rate scientific team to study Arctic ecology, especially that of the bowhead whale, which they have in fact had for about 30 years. |
“I am completely against offshore drilling. ... you know what happened in the Gulf, but they are going to try to put a spin on it. It’s gone. (But) where the hell’s the oil? It covers the bottom of the ocean—the ecology of the ocean bottom is going to see a tremendous impact. It’s going to migrate some way or another. It’s going to kill off a lot of the organisms that create life in the oceans. Imagine a whole large portion of the plankton that bowheads eat if it’s gone. Imagine what would happen if there was an oil spill and it killed off all those things that our animals depend on.”
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Then I (Harvard) asked Ben for his reaction to those Iñupiat who feel offshore drilling is inevitable, so they need to sit at the table and make sure it is done right, and he responded: |
“What are they going to do when what we are talking about happens? Then where the hell are you going to be? How the hell are they going to feed us? It’s ok to be at the table, but what are you giving up?” |
Harry Brower is a 52–year–old Iñupiaq whaling captain who is serving as the Chairman of the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, which represents all the Iñupiaq whaling captains on the North Slope in addition to Yup’ik whalers further south. As such, he travels the world representing indigenous whalers—most recently he has traveled to the United Nations Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen (Cop 15) in December, 2009, and to Morocco for the annual International Whaling Commission meeting in July, 2010. |
“From the time I learned about offshore exploration and development, I have been opposed to the concept. Offshore oil drilling up here over the last 25 years has mostly been to the east of Barrow in the Beaufort Sea. It has been near shore, right up to the barrier islands. Knowing that, if an oil spill incident was to occur in the presence of ice, they would not be able to clean it up. They say they have the technology, and we keep asking them, well show us. But even in the best conditions, their simulations haven’t worked. They threw a bunch of orange–sized balls into the ocean, and they tried to put these booms out, and the booms snapped. Before they did, the balls were going over the booms.”
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Is our addiction to petroleum going to drive us Americans to deprive an ancient Native culture of North America, the Iñupiat, of their heart and soul? Are our Suburbans, our Yukons and our Hummers going to demand it? Our addiction has consequences. |